BioAFM users are as varied as their applications. Chemists and biologists want easy use and clear answers to their questions. Biophysicists and optics experts need direct access to data and experimental flexibility. Integration with optics is a key factor, because optical methods are the standard for life science applications. Everything relevant to the life sciences happens in fluids, so AFM equipment developed for engineering and physics is totally unsuited. JPK's AFM approach is completely different, meeting the following key design criteria for a BioAFM:

Best AFM performance

• AFM measurements work at the first shot
• Measuring single molecules demands highest resolution in imaging and force measurements, particularly in fluids
• Long-term experiments demand the utmost stability and zero drift - an ideal closed-loop scanner is essential

Easy and safe operation with liquids

• Working in liquids demands that no sensitive parts be positioned below the sample level - a sample scanning approach is not suitable
• All parts in contact with the sample must be easy to exchange, replace, and rigorously clean
• The AFM must be completely sealed and offer different fluid cells for the full range of applications

Uncompromizing integration with optical microscopy

• Biologial samples require optical contrast enhancement methods like phase contrast and DIC - a real optical condensor is needed
• Fluorescence techniques such as TIRF, FRET, FCS, FRAP, FLIM, Ca2+ response, and laser scanning microscopy require that the sample does not scan - only a tip-scanning AFM can provide this.
• The AFM and optical microscope must be software integrated and without interference - optical filters and an infrared light source allow truly simultaneous operation

Flexibility

• Optimum results for all different applications, i.e., a large scan range, but also the highest resolution
• Electronics, hardware and software must allow user- defined experiments and integration with external equipment, e.g., electronical or optical devices
• The entire spectrum of AFM modes and a comprehensive range of accessories, e.g. for environmental control