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G0 phase:
(G-"zero" phase) State of withdrawal from the eucaroytic
cell-division cycle by entry into a quiescent G1
phase; often seen in differentiated cells.
G1 phase:
Gap 1 phase of the eucaryotic cell-division cycle, between the
end of cytokinesis and the start of DNA synthesis.
G2 phase:
Gap 2 phase of the eucaryotic cell-division cycle, between the
end of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis.
G protein:
One of a large family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins
that are important intermediaries in cell-signaling pathways.
Usually activated by the binding of a hormone or other signaling
ligand to a seven-pass transmembrane receptor protein.
GAG (glycosaminoglycan):
Long, linear, highly charged polysaccharide composed of a repeating
pair of sugars, one of which is always an amino sugar. Mainly
found covalently linked to a protein core in extracellular matrix
proteoglycans. Examples include chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic
acid, and heparin.
gamete:
Specialized haploid cell, either a sperm or an egg, serving
for sexual reproduction.
ganglion (plural ganglia):
Cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells located outside
the central nervous system.
ganglioside:
Any glycolipid having one or more sialic acid residues in its
structure. Found in the plasma membrane of eucaryotic cells
and especially abundant in nerve cells.
gap junction:
Communicating cell-cell junction that allows ions and small
molecules to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm
of the next.
gastrula:
Animal embryo at an early stage of development where cells are
invaginating to form the rudiment of a gut cavity. (From Greek
gaster, belly.)
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