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glycocalyx (cell coat):
Carbohydrate-rich layer that forms the outer coat of a eucaryotic
cell. Composed of the oligosaccharides linked to intrinsic
plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as
glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted
and reabsorbed onto the cell surface.
glycogen:
Polysaccharide composed exclusively of glucose units used
to store energy in animal cells. Large granules of glycogen
are especially abundant in liver and muscle cells.
glycolipid:
Membrane lipid molecule with a short carbohydrate chain
attached to a hydrophobic tail.
glycolysis:
Ubiquitous metabolic pathway in the cytosol in which sugars
are incompletely degraded with production of ATP. (Literally,
"sugar splitting.")
glycoprotein:
Any protein with one or more covalently linked oligosaccharide
chains. Includes most secreted proteins and most proteins
exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
glycosaminoglycan:
see GAG
Golgi apparatus:
Membrane-bounded organelle in eucaryotic cells where the
proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum are
modified and sorted.
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